Baptism information from Selby Whittingham.

IGI Christening Records
Sarah Goose christened April 5, 1766 Baumber, Lincolnshire, father Robert Goose, mother Mary.

My transcription of original document provided by Margaret Hiles
St. Mary, Lambeth, Surrey.
John Danby a bachelor of the parish of Saint Martin in the Fields in the County of Middlesex and
Sarah Goose of this parish spinster
were Married in this Church, by License
the fourth Day of April 1788
By me John Lloyd Curate
In the presence of Roch Jaubert and Henry Weedall

End of transcription

Kentish Gazette - date not known
Friday at Lambeth, Mr. John Danby, teacher of Music, of Long Acre, to Miss Sarah Goose, of Moor-place, near the Dog and Duck, St. George’s Fields.

A letter to her was written by John Danby dated June 5, 1789. She was staying with a great uncle George Smith (1711-1806) at Fulbeck, a village between Grantham and Lincoln, where he lived in a “capital mansion house” and is commemorated by a memorial in the church. He owned land there and was perhaps, like a deceased elder brother, a maltster. Taken from “A letter from John Danby Found” by Selby Whittingham.

From the May 25, 1798 edition of the London Times

MRS. DANBY, Widow of Mr. JOHN DANBY, has the honour to return her warmest acknowledgements to her numerous Friends, who kindly patronized the Concert at Willis’s Rooms, on Wednesday 16th inst. for the benefit of her late Husband, who died at the close of the same, and to the Professional Ladies and Gentlemen who liberally contributed their services. At the same time begs leave to solicit their Patronage and Support on a future Occasion, being advised by her most particular Friends to have a CONCERT in the course of the ensuing Winter, for the Benefit of Herself and Three Infants.
No. 46 Upper John Street, Fitzroy Square, May 21, 1798.

In the 1841 census Civil Parish of St. Pancras, Ossulstone Hundred, Middlesex, St. Pancras registration district, sub district Regents Park.
Sarah Danby was living on William Street her age is listed as 70 [remember adult ages were rounded to the nearest 5 years in the 1841 census] as an Independent. She was not born in the county.
Marcella Danby age 45 is listed as a school mistress. She was born in the county.
Also in the same residence are John Bingham age 50 plumber and
Sarah Bingham age 45
as well as Rebecca Ball [or Bill] age 15 female servant.

1851 census entry. William Street, Marylebone, St Pancras Parish. The there is no street number but the next one is 30 and the previous one is 29.
Sarah Danby, head, widow age 85, annuitant, born Lincolnshire Spilsby?.
Daughter Martha [must be Marcella], unmarried, age 54, teacher of Music, born Middlesex, London.
Granddaughter Louisa Symondson age 15, scholar at home, born Middlesex, London.

The 1861 Death Index January to March quarter lists Sarah Danby Pancras District, London, Middlesex volume 1b page 87.

From Weekly return of births and deaths (infectious diseases, weather) in London
Pancras; Somers Town - at 34 George Street, on 16th February, widow of a music composer, aged 100 years, “old age” The registrar writes: _ The deceased was Sarah Danby widow of John Danby, music composer. She was the daughter of a farmer, and was born 1st April 1760 at Caythorpe, Lincolnshire. Her husband died in 1798, aged 41 years. Deceased lived in London for more than 60 years, and ate a beef-steak for dinner and her tea the day before . . .

National Probate Calendar
14 March 1861 Letters of Administration of the Personal estate and effects of Sarah Danby late of 34 George-street Euston-square in the County of Middlesex Widow deceased who died 16 February 1861 at George-street aforesaid were granted at the Principal Registry to Marcella Danby of 34 George-street aforesaid Spinster on of the Children of the said Deceased she having been first sworn. Effects under $200 pounds.

from findagrave.com
Sarah Goose Danby
Birth unknown
Death 16 Feb 1861
Burial Kensal Green Cemetery
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, Greater London, England
Plot pauper’s grave
Singer and actress, JMW Turner’s lover. She was married to John Danby, a successful organist and glee composer, with whom she had five daughters [actually 6 daughters, Teresa was born 7 months after her father died.] and one son, two of whom died in infancy.

From Dictionary of Artists Models (Editors: Jill Berk Jiminez, Joanna Banham) article by Aimee Marcereau
Born Sarah Goose in London 1760 or 64[other sources say Lincoln]. Her family was probably from Lincolnshire. Brought up in Lambeth; started work as a singer and actress. Married the glee composer and organist John Danby (1757-98), 4 April 1788: four children born. Lived with Danby in Convent Garden; neighbour to the artist J.M.W. Turner 1780’s. Widowed when 2 months pregnant, May 1798. Supported by a widow’s pension from the Royal Society of Musicians. Gave birth to two daughters: Evelina, born 1800 or 1801, and Georgiana, born some time later, both of whom it has been suggested, were fathered by Turner. Started living with Turner about 1809, at his home in Harley Street and later in Queen Anne Street. On Turner’s death in 1851, her inheritance from him turned out to have been revoked in his will, while her niece Hannah Danby, worked as a servant to Turner, received a significant annuity and custodianship of his pictures; Evelina and Georgiana received small bequests from the Turner estate. Died in Euston, London 16 February 1861.
Associated works Turner J.M.W. Turner, Sheet of Erotic Figure Subjects c. 1805, pencil and sepia wash, Tate Gallery (London).


CONNECTION to the artist. J M W Turner

After John Danby’s death Sarah Danby had 2 children by J M W Turner.

It is thought Turner supported Sarah Danby and her children.

From http://www.dragonflyinflight.ws/turner/articles2.htm

Turner took his first mistress in the year 1800. Sarah Danby was recently widowed but she was a fine figure of a woman with a talent towards acting.

In his will J M W Turner left the following, To Hannah Danby his old housekeeper, niece of John Danby, musician, 50 pounds a year for her natural life; to the housekeeper’s aunt, Sarah Danby, 10 pounds a year; and to Evelina and Georgiana Danby, daughters of Sarah Danby, 50 pounds a year each. In a codicil all legacies to his uncle’s nephews and to Georgiana and the other Danby’s was revoked. (From the Life of J M W Turner) [Thus Hannah Danby would a daughter of John Danby’s brother. Could she be the daughter of Charles Danby?]

Other supporting evidence.
That Theresa Danby was the daughter of Sarah Danby (1766? - 1861) and John Danby (1756/7 -1798). The reasons that lead me to suspect this are

1) In the 1851 census Louisa Symondson age 15 is not living with her mother. The only Louisa Symondson of that age in the census is living with her grandmother Sarah Danby in St Pancras. The grandmother is a Danby, which matches with Teresa’s maiden name. The other family member in the house is Martha Danby age 54 teacher of music, born in London, she is unmarried. Teresa Danby was also born in London.
2) In this census this Sarah Danby a widow was 85 and born in Lincolnshire as was the Sarah Danby above. This was the only Sarah Danby of this age listed in the census. The Sarah Danby above was also living in London at the time.
3) The John Danby was a musician he composed music, he was an organist at the Spanish Embassy Chapel and was Roman Catholic.
4) Two descendants of John Danby are Rose Symondson a musician and Reverend Anthony Symondson (Society of Jesus)
5) Sarah Danby had 4 daughters with John Danby and 2 daughters with J.M.W. Turner, the artist.
6) Convincingly Theresa Danby Symondson is named in a lawsuit dealing with J M W Turner’s will. Among the numerous others named were Marcella Danby and Caroline Malissa Nixon. Marcella and Caroline are older daughters of Sarah & John Danby.

also see: https://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2019/12/sarah-danby-jmw-turners-lover.html

Findagrave.com
Sarah Goose Danby
Birth unknown
Death 16 Feb 1861
Burial Kensal Green Cemetery
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, Greater London, England
Plot pauper’s grave
Memorial ID 205672927
Singer and actress, JMW Turner’s lover. She was married to John Danby, a successful organist and glee composer, with whom she had five daughters and one son, two of whom died in infancy.

[Rather ironic [unfortunate] to note Sarah is buried in a pauper’s grave, while her husband’s grave was moved to make room for a railway station and his name was listed on the Burdett-Coutts Memorial Sundial.]

Transcription of a scan of an original document held by the Royal Society of Musicians.
To the Governors of the Society for the Support of
Decayed Musicians and their Families.
I beg leave to recommend Mr. John Danby
Musician, as a proper person to be a Member of this Society,
he has no Family, being unmarried –
Served a Regular Apprenticeship to me
has practiced Music for a [1 or 2 words missing as there is hole in the paper] more than
7 years is 28 years of age and not likely to become chargeable to this Society.
I am,
Your humble Servant,
S. Webbe
2 Jan: 1785
His present Engagements are Drury Lane Theatre – Concert of Ancient Music
Oratorios, Academy of Ancient Music, at all of which he sings in Chorus
has several Scholars & a variety of other Engagements.
[The standard comment about John Danby not likely to become chargeable to the Society could not have been more wrong. John’s future wife Sarah received a pension for more than 60 years as well as suppliments for her young children. She probably received more from the society than anyone else!]

Samuel Webbe - wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Webbe

Parish Records St Pancras
John Danby Aged 41 years died May 16 1798 buried May 22 Head and Foot Stone name Danby May 20

Ipswich Journal - May 26, 1798
Wednesday evening a concert was performed at Willis’s Rooms, intended for the benefit of the lateexcellent musician John Danby, well known in the harmonic world as the author of many glees. At half past 11 (just as the concert closed) Mr. Danby died. He left a widow and 3 small children.
[His widow Sarah had a child about 7 months later.]

From Dictionary of National Biography, Volumes 1-20, 22, Craik to Drake, page 459
DANBY, JOHN (1757-1798), musician was born (according to the date on his tombstone) in 1757, but nothing is known of his parentage or education. He was probably a member of the Yorkshire family of the same name. He seems to have been connected with the musical performances at Vauxhall and Ranelagh, for which many of his earlier songs were written. At this time he was living at 8 Gilbert’s Buildings, Lambeth, but he afterwards moved to 26 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. On 6 March 1785 he was elected a member of the Royal Society of Musicians. Between 1781 and 1794 Danby gained 10 prizes from the Catch Club for his glees and canons; his best known composition of the former class, “Awake AEolian Lyre”, gained a prize medal in 1788. Danby who was a catholic, held the post of organist to the chapel of the Spanish embassy, for which he wrote several masses, motets, and magnificats, which are preserved in the chapel music library. These works are mostly written for two or three parts, and are inferior to his glees, which are the best of their kind. During the latter part of his life he lost the use of his limbs, from having slept in a damp bed. A concert was given for his benefit at Willis’s Rooms on 16 May 1798, but at half-past eleven the same night Danby died at Upper St John Street, Fitzroy Square. He was buried near the south wall of the western part of Old St. Pancras churchyard. The inscription on his tomb is now nearly illegible, but was printed in Roffe’s “British Monumental Inscriptions” (i No. 44), in the appendix to which a sketch of the grave is given.

Danby published several songs; the following are his most important works: Glees, book 1 (op. 1); La Guida alla Musica Vocale,” op. 2;Glees, book ii. op 3; book 3, op. 4; “La Guida della Musica Instrumentale,” op 5; Glees, op. 6. The last collection of glees was published posthumously by subscription for the benefit of his widow and four infant children.

From Music Encyclopedia

(b c 1757; d London, 16 May 1798). English composer. A pupil of Webbe, he was a Roman Catholic and organist of the Spanish Embassy chapel. He is notable chiefly as a composer of glees, catches and other partsongs, of which he wrote nearly 100; he won eight Catch Club prizes and produced polished, graceful and sometimes original pieces. He also wrote masses, motets and vocal and instrumental tutors.

One publication describes him as being from Yorkshire.
Roman Catholic
Elected professional member of Noblemen and Gentlemen’s Catch Club in 1787.
Published first and second books of catches, canons and glees in 1785 and 1789.

From The Times March 3, 1788 [an example of numerous entries in the London Times where John Danby performed]
By Subscription,
(Second Night, and Last but one this Season)
At ???????ason’s Hall
On Tuesday, March 4, 1788
at Seven o’clock
Reading? and Music
Part I
Alexander’s Feast
. . .
Glee “Awake AEolean Lyre” _ J. Danby

A Musical Directory for the Year 1794
John Danby
Occupation - Composer of Music
Address 7 Gilbert’s Buildings, near the Asylum.London
Societies - Royal Society of Musicians, Academy of Ancient Music and Concert of Ancient Music

From Vincent Novello (1781-1861): Music for the Masses
John Danby obtained considerable celebrity, as a Glee Writer, in the latter part of the last Century. [Late 1700’s] After receiving Lessons in Composition from Mr. Webbe, he became the Organist of the Spanish Ambassador’s Chapel near Manchester Square, for which he wrote several Masses and other Pieces of Sacred Music that were much admired for their simple elegance of melody and appropriate harmony. In the course of a journey, on Professional business, he was incautiously allowed to sleep in a damp bed, in consequence of which, he lost the use of his limbs: and after remaining a cripple during the remainder of his life, he at last died during the performance of a Concert that was given by some of his friends, for his benefit. His private virtues were of the most amiable kind and endured him to all who knew him.

from A Collection of Epitaphs and Monumental Inscriptions, Ancient
St Pancras
To the Memory of
Mr. John Danby
Professor of Music
who Departed this Life, May 16, 1798
aged 41 years

Reader! if in Excellence in Music’s Art,
By turns, to sadden, or to cheer the Heart;
Whether by playful Catch, or serious Glee,
Or the more Solemn Canon’s Harmony:
If Genius such as that can raise a sigh,
Or draw the trickling tribute from thine Eye,
Pause o’er this spot, which now contains the Clay
Of him, in whom those Talents lately lay.
The spirit fled to join its native Skies,
Here all that now remains of Danby lies;
Rest much respected, much lamented Earth,
Remnant not more of Science, than of Worth;
And tho’ thy Works, have wrought a better Fame,
This record is but Justice to thy Name.
Requiescat in Pace

The Burdett-Coutts Memorial Sundial unveiled in 1879 at Pancras Road, St Pancras Gardens has a memorial to some people buried nearby including John Danby musician who died in 1798. Some or all of these graves may have been dug up to make way for a new rail line. [In the church gardens there is tree referred to as the Hardy Tree, named for the novelist Thomas Hardy. At the time Hardy was an assistant to the architect who was responsible for the exhumation. Hardy was given the job of unenviable task of exhuming the bodies. There are a number of gravestones placed by this tree that may from this time and may contain the headstone of John Danby.] [Old St Pancras is thought to be the site of the oldest church in England circa 315 AD and possibly Christendom, although it has been rebuilt several times. It was near a Roman encampment][A number of Catholics are buried in this churchyard]
See the photos and information
https://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=65576
https://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=64866
https://www.ourpasthistory.com/England/london-churches-st-pancras-old-and-new
https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/706687
or
https://kimbofo.smugmug.com/gallery/1913691_To8cE/...xktyz#96741330_Pyokc

From https://www.nga.gov/programs/pdf/mscoct21-07.pdf

Among Turner’s close friends in the 1790s was the composer John Danby (1757 – 1798). When Danby died, his widow, Sarah, went to live with Turner. There is no record of their having married, but a daughter was born to them in 1801. Turner biographer James Hamilton mentions the artist’s enjoyment of Danby’s glees and catches, which were published in 1798 in three volumes as a memorial tribute to the composer.

London Land tax Records 1795 , 1797 and 1798
Upper John Street, Fitzroy Square, St. Pancras, Camden
John Danby, 12 shillings


From the London Times April 8, 1795
For the BENEFIT of Mr. ? DANBY, Who has been confined more than 7 months by a severe illness. At WILLIS’S ROOMS on FRIDAY, the 10th of April, 1795, will be a CONCERT of VOCAL and INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC. Etc
[Several of the songs such as “Stay, Silver Moon” and the Catch “The merry peal” were by J. Danby. Also The Principal Glee Performers included Mr. Danby and Master Danby]
His address is on Upper John Street

From His Oxford Biography by Selby Whittingham
- Sang bass parts
- On April 10, 1795 he had been ill for seven months
- Two years later his fingers were drawn quite crooked by a paralytic stroke

From
Obituaries - Catholic Record Society (1913)
”Laity’s Directory” Obituaries
Laypersons
Mr. John Danby, Organist to the Spanish Chapel
Age 41, Upper St. John Street, Fitzroy Square

From the Monthly Magazine printed by R. Phillips, 1821
The NOBLEMAN”S CATCH CLUB, at the Thatched House Tavern, is very difficult to access. It has been kept up with great spirit for sixty years. The society consists of forty-four members, among whom are two princes, twelve nobles, with several baronets and honourables. It is a law, that each member shall possess 500 pounds, a year in land, and sufficient talent to take part in a glee. The members dine together every Tuesday from January to June, and twenty-two of the first professional singers are admitted as honourary members at this Anacreontic board. It is not wonderful, that in so illustrious a company, the genius of Webbe, Cooke, Danby, Paxton, and Calcot, should have been stimulated to produce those admirable compositions, which this society has rewarded by their gold medal. These meetings had their origin in the time of Charles II.

Link provided by Mary Hughes
A link to notAmos to play, print or buy some of John Danby’s music
http://www.notamos.co.uk/index.shtml#John_Danby

wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Danby_(musician)

Note: My genealogy program uses the term Step GGGG Grandfather. As Turner and Sarah were never married and their situation was not publicly acknowledged, I much prefer to describe the situation as my GGGG Grandmother had a relationship with Turner. The descendants of their children Evelina & Georgiana would be half-cousins to our family.

England Select Births and Baptisms
Joseph Mallard William Turner baptism May 14, 1775 at St. Paul, Covent Garden, Westminster, London, father William Turner, mother Mary.

Post Office Directory of London 1845
Joseph Mallord William Turner, esquire, Royal Acadamy, 47 Queen Street Cavendish Square

Note the 1851 census 2 Cremorne Road Chelsea South District 1, Chelsea Middlesex, has
Head Sophie C. Booth, widow, age 52, fund holder, born Dover Kent. [Cremorne Road is at the end of Cheyne’s Walk, near the corner with Lots Road. JMW Turner is not listed. The census was taken on May 30.]

Listed in the October to December 1851 death index, Joseph Mallord William Turner, Chelsea district, Greater London, Middlesex, volume 3, page 48.

The date of his birth is suspect as he may have claimed to have the same birthday as St. George and William Shakespeare.

Never married.
Member of the Royal Academy of Arts.
One of Britain’s most well known artists.
Many of his paintings from the “Turner Bequest” are shown in the Tate Gallery in London, where one wing of the museum is dedicated to him.
Was a friend and neighbour of John and Sarah Danby.
His relationship with Sarah Danby was secret and not known until after his death as she was mentioned in his will.


See Turner a book by James Hamilton for more information on JMW Turner. The Danby’s are mentioned in the book on a few pages.

web sites see
https://www.jmwturner.org/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner
213.121.208.204/britain/turner/tp_unkownturner.pdf



JMW Turner Chronology
Copied from: https://www.jmwturner.ca/TURNER%20CHRONOLOGY,%20JMW%20Turner%20Chronology.htm

While o’er the western wave th’ ensanguined sun,
 In gathering haze, a stormy signal spread.
 And set portentous. –  J.M.W. Turner
 
 JMW Turner the source  Art World’s Dirty Little Secret
1775 born 21 Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, London to William Turner (28 yrs.) and Mary Marshall Turner (34 yrs.). William was a barber and wig-maker. JMW's exact birth date is still somewhat uncertain.
1785 Turner's first adventure as an artist was colouring engravings. This was during an extended stay with his uncle Joseph Mallord William Marshall in Brentford, Middlesex. He attended John White's free school during this time.

1786 Mary Ann, Turner's only sibling passed away at eight years old.

1787 Began drawing and water-colouring; several of his works were happily displayed and sold by his father in his wig shop.
1788 Employed as a draftsman for architects including Thomas Hardwick. He also worked with Thomas Malton, whom Turner would later consider as his "real master."
1789 Admitted to the Plaster Academy of the Royal Academy Schools.

1790 First watercolour exhibited at the Royal Academy, The Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth.
1791 Two more watercolours exhibited at the R.A.
He went to stay at the friend of his father in Bristol, John Narraway. He sketched extensively in the region and did the first of his very limited number of self-portraits (a small w/c) for the Narraway family.

Detail, Shipwreck, the Rescue showing three figures in a rescue boat drawing a lifeline

1792 Two watercolour R.A.
Sir Joshua Reynolds, Turner's mentor and part-time employer passed way. It was from Reynolds' black servant that Turner learned compassion for the 'disenfranchised slave'. The kind greeting that the servant regularly gave Turner upon his arrival at Reynolds' studio coincided with the grave difficulties the young painter endured at home from his mad mother. This was likely the inspiration for Turner using the image of the 'black hero' in some of his early paintings (Shipwreck, the Rescue 1802 and The Deluge 1805).
Admitted to R.A. life class.
1793 Three watercolours R.A.
The Society of Arts Awards Turner the Greater Silver Pallet.
He goes on sketching trips with his admired new friend Thomas Girtin.
He meets Dr. Monro
Begins experimenting with oil painting and etching.
1794 Five watercolour R.A.
Turner did considerable amount of topographical drawing for which he became noted. Copper Plate Magazine commissioned drawings by Turner in 1794. This was the first time prints were made from the artist's work. Seen here is Chepstow 1794.

Copper Plate M. #671 engraved by Storer from an original Drawings by W. Turner
About this time Turner started to take drawing students.
Started to copy English-master drawings at Dr. Monro's along with other artists.

1795 Eight watercolours R.A.
Turner visited South Wales and the Isle of Wight to fulfill commissions for engravings. His popularity was growing rapidly as he won several new patrons; one of the more notable was Sir Richard Colt Hoare.
1796 First oil painting Fishermen at Sea off the Needles; also Ten watercolours exhibited.
Turner was already imitating the tenebrous old master style as he moved toward sublime references. Turner did a number of coastal and shipping drawings, presumably in preparation for the monumental Sea Piece series that he was soon to undertake.

1797 Two oil Paintings and four watercolours R.A.
First tour north through Yorkshire and along the Northumberland coast staying at Harewood on the journey home.
Examples of Richard Wilson's classical landscape style were added to the Wilson Sketch Book.
1798 Competition for Associate Membership to the R.A. unsuccessful
First classical landscape styled after Richard Wilson, Æneas and the Sibyl
Buys large collection of figure-studies by C.R. Ryley
1799 Four oils and seven watercolours at R.A.
Elected Associate of R.A.; joins Academy Club
Becomes enamoured with the work of Claude Lorrain
Turner sells the water-colour of Caernarvon Castle to J. Angerstein for 40 guineas. His prices were steadily increasing by this point and he was having difficulties keeping up with all the commissions (he had orders for sixty drawings by July).
Moved to 64, Harley Street, London
Sarah Danby becomes Turner's mistress and their first child Evalina is born; there were two more to follow. [I only know of one more child. Also since Evelina was baptised in September 1801, she was more likely born in 1801.]]
Plein air Knockhold sketches.

1800 Exhibited two oils including; The Fifth Plague of Egypt (dark ground colour), and six watercolours.
Turner's portrait by George Dance
250 guineas offered by the Duke of Bridgewater to paint a companion piece for his sea-piece by Willem van de Velde the younger. The result was Dutch boats in a gail: fishermen endeavouring to put their fish on board. This work exhibited in 1801 was highly acclaimed and might be considered the first of Turner's highly important series of tumultuous sea-pieces. It last sold at Christie's for £340,000 in 1976.
1801 Two oil paintings (including Bridgewater Sea-piece) and four watercolour at R.A.
Address was given in the exhibition catalogue as 75 Norton Street, Portland Row. It remained as such for three years. The idea might be advanced here that Turner had set up an additional studio space to accommodate the assembly style production of those monumental sea-pieces that were to accumulate about this time. This stockpile of finished and summarily finished works Turner would make use of  for many years afterward.
The father became very active in Turner's life and studio after his retirement from the wig shop.
Turner tours Scotland.
1802 Elected a Royal Academician
Exhibited four oil paintings and four watercolours including his diploma piece, Dolbadern Castle of 1800. Turner's oils are dark and foreboding during this period. His attempt at the tenebrous sublime as described by Edmond Burke was disparaged and as a result many grand masterworks sat in his studio unsold. (seen here is Shipwreck, the Rescue; related book Art World’s Dirty Little Secret )
Visited France and Switzerland with much time spent in the Louvre. Visited artist's studios; David, and Guérin.
Thomas Girtin, Turner's artist companion passed away

 
1803 Five oils and two watercoulors at R.A.
Became a jury member of the Royal Academy helping to determine acceptance and placement of works at the annual exhibition.
Fusilli,  and West become critical of Turner's lack of finish. Beaumont disparaged that, "his foregrounds are comparative blots, and faces of figures witht. a feature being expressed."
Production of his large scale paintings left no time for his annual sojourn.
                                                Detail: foreground of Shipwreck, the Rescue, three survivors

1804 Two oils (sea-pieces) and one watercolour at R.A.
Death of mother after long mental illness.
Sets up a gallery at Harley Street which adjoined his Queen Anne Street home. Turner's Gallery opens for the first time in April.
1805 The Shipwreck exhibited at Turner's gallery; the first oil to be engraved and the first large single plate after Turner's work, acquired by Sir J. Leicester.  Other exhibits were disparaged by Hoppner as 'like a Green Stall, so rank, crude and disordered'.
 Sketches Victory after the successful Battle of Trafalgar.
British Institution established amidst certain controversy over its potential competition for the R.A. Turner's relationship with certain high ranking R.A. members was still at a low ebb.

1806 Turner exhibits two oils at the R.I. including Goddess of Discord choosing the apple of contention in the garden of the Hesperides.
One oil and one watercolour at R.A.
Turner's work for exhibition tended to be more finished by this point. It was the impasto embellished style of the highly finished Shipwreck that some artists began imitating. Metaphorically Boaden of the Oracle criticized their work: “so much of the trowel—so mortary.” For the first time Turner's style becomes apparent in the work of A.W.Callcott and W. Havell.
W.F. Wells apparently persuades Turner to embark on his monumental Liber Studiorum project. An engraving project that would govern much of Turner's effort for the following number of years.
Takes a house at 6 West End, Upper Mall, Hammersmith

1807 Exhibited both in Turner's Gallery and at the R.A.
Publication of a large Mezzotint after his Shipwreck painting helped to spread Turner's reputation.
Appears to have been doing some sketches from nature (along the Thames and Wey).
Appointed Professor of Perspective at RA, often uses letters after his Name (P.P.)
Publishes part 1 of Liber Studiorum

1808 About twelve oils, and dozens of sepia drawings done for the Liber Studiorum were shown at the Turner Gallery. One oil shown at R.A: The unpaid bill.
Visted Petworth, Sussex, home of Lord Egremont.
Visited Yorkshire for the first time and stayed with Walter Fawkes at Farnley. This was to establish an enduring friendship and thus prompt many future visits.

1809 He exhibits an earlier sea-piece at the B.I., about 16 oils and 2 watercolours at the Turner Gallery, and four oils at the R.A. It is this year that Turner started to append verse to his exhibited paintings.
The widow Mrs. Danby and her children move from Norton Street to live with Turner at Harley Street. Hannah Danby the niece of the widow moves in about this time and becomes Turner's housekeeper of sorts for the rest of the artist's life.
Stayed at Petworth to work on commissions for Lord Egremont.

1810 Three oils at the R.A, many exhibits and  re-exhibits at the Turner Gallery.
Moves to 47 Queen Ann Street West.
As the artist became more established so did his holdings; he valued his net worth at over £12,000. This was at a time that a good home might be purchased for £500.
Summer visit to Farnley Hall where he witnessed a storm that would later inspire the painting of Snow storm, Hannibal and his army crossing the Alps.
1811 Four oils and five watercolours at R.A. Turner Gallery was closed for renovations.
First lecture as professor at Royal Academy. His Perspective lectures were greatly anticipated but due to the artist's confused presentation they were only marginally successful. The images he created that were used as props undoubtedly compensated.
Turner became enamoured with Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (it was a work in progress that would over the years influence both Turner's work and travels).
Departed London to visited Cornwall and many points in between.

1812 Four oils at the R.A, and many re-exhibits at the newly reopened Turner Gallery .
Issued part X of the Liber Studiorum this year.
Began building a country retreat named Solus Lodge (later to be called Sandycombe Lodge) for him and his father.
Turner digestive tract caused him a bout of ill health.

1813 R.A: Two oils including Frosty Morning (featured his daughter and his horse, Crop-ear). Continued his summer exhibitions at his Turner Gallery.
Moved to Sandycombe Lodge with "Daddy.'
Toured West country (Devon etc.) with Cyrus Redding and Eastlake; he did delicate plein air oil sketches on prepared paper. Turner was entering his second period; whereby, be was doing much more delicate and well crafted oils and watercolours. This might have come from his articulate efforts in the print field.
The influential connoisseur Sir George Beaumont continues to disparage Turner's work. As a result of this apparent conflict Turner depends less on Aristocratic patronage and more on middle class support for his work.

1814 R.A: one oil, Dido and Æneas. By this point the influence of Claude and Classical landscape on Turner's work predominates. British Institute: his competition piece was disqualified as a late entry. Exhibition as usual in Turner's Gallery... his more experimental work.
Founder member of Artists' General Benevolent Institution, supports this for many years.
Working on Picturesque Views of the Southern Coast of England for publication (engraved by Cooke).

1815 Four oils and two watercolours at the R.A; exhibition of earlier works seen at his own gallery. Turner started altering and improving his work on the exhibition walls of the Academy just prior to exhibition. R.A. had set three varnishing days aside for minor touchups, but as his colleagues would soon learn Turner was willing to take this liberty to the extreme.
Painted Dido Building Carthage; eventually refuses five thousand guineas for it (a huge sum of money two centuries ago). He never sold this painting and finally bequeathed it to the British Nation.
End of war with France, so he was once again able to travel  in Europe. 1817 was his first trip after the Battle of Waterloo.
Produced The Book of Ornithology while staying with the Fawkes'.
1816 Two oils at the R.A... Turner Gallery had no exhibition, enlargements to the gallery area were in the planning.
Dr. Whitaker commissioned work for The History of Yorkshire.
Chairman Artists' General Benevolent Institution
Beaumont was appointed to the Committee of Taste in order to judge the the Waterloo monument competition. Although Turner made a trip through the region of the battle the following year and later painted a monumental work of the battle, Beaumont's appointment was likely the reason Turner did not enter.
Publication of canto three of Byron's Childe Harold, and its reference to Ehrenbrietstein and the French general Marceau was to have a profound influence on Turner, his travels, and his artwork the following year.

Ehrenbriestein Oil sketch 9.5 x 11.5 in.
1817 R.A. - exhibited one oil with a quote from his Falacies of Hope; Turner fancied himself a bard during this period.
Visited the battle field of Waterloo, then traveled up the Rhine making many sketches.
Raby Castle commissioned by Lord Darlington.
Fawkes bought fifty-one coloured drawing that derived from Turner's Germany expedition.
Turner re-enforced his plan for a personal benevolent bequest for indigent British artists by purchasing a freehold building-site at Twickenham. His Bequest was ultimately unraveled by the flush barristers at the Chancery Court, and the rest home was never started.

1818 Three oils and one watercolour at the R.A.
Chairman and treasurer of Artists' General Benevolent Institution
Visited Scotland and produces images to be engraved for Sir Walter Scott's, The Provincial antiquities of Scotland. Visits Fawkes at Farnley on the way back; his virtuoso watercolour technique is observed by one of the children who in later years invests Water Thornbury, Turner's first biographer  with the often repeated tale of Turner's speed and talent (First Rate taking in Stores).
Serves on the Royal Academy Council.

1819 Sixty Turner watercolours were shown at the London residence of one of Turner's greatest patrons, Walter Fawkes (1769-1825).
Started perspective lectures as Professor of Perspective (P.P.) at the Royal Academy School.
Commissioned to do ten watercolour views for Hakewill's publication, Picturesque Tour of Italy.
Stops work on the unfinished Liber Studiorum project. Although unfinished the project was to prove a highlight of Turner's middle period and one that advanced his reputation greatly.
Sir John Leicester, a longtime patron of Turner's opened a private gallery that included eight of Turner's pictures. Leicester owned Turner's most famous Shipwreck for a short while; until his wife, disturbed by the traumatic image beseeched her husband to make a switch.
First visit to Italy; elected honourary member of the Roman Academy of St. Luke.
The brilliance of the Italian atmosphere had a dramatic effect on Turner's palette of colour. His productivity is tremendous doing twenty-five sketches a day for two months. Two paintings from this trip: Looking East from the Guidecca, Sunrise and San Giorgio Maggiore.
Small inheritance of property from mother's side of the family.

1820  One oil painting exhibited at the R.A. Rome from the Vatican...
Fawkes' London residence open again for viewing of his collection of Turner's watercolours.
Turner moves his gallery to Queen Ann Street frontage after working to enlarge and build new gallery.
He apparently injured his Achilles tendon this year after falling on rocks while clambering for a better sketching vantage.
1821 No exhibits. Perspective lectures given.
Scott's commission for The Provincial antiquities of Scotland, eight watercolours completed
Toured and made drawings in France and along the Seine in preparation for engravings of the region. Visits the Louvre and copies Claude.
Did several watercolours of Italian landscape for Fawkes, priced at £25 each.
1822 Turner's newly renovated gallery open.
To correspond with their engravings, W.B. Cooke et al successfully exhibited twenty-four of Turner's watercolours along with those of other British artists.
Makes a trip to Scotland to coincide with the Royal visit in order to record the events.  This effort was in hopes of attracting royal patronage; royal support for Turner and his work never came in the artist's life time; in fact, the last three monarchs of his lifetime considered him somewhat mad. The general sketching part of the trip  was productive and some history of the royal visit  was recorded in the form of four unfinished oils.
The only Royal commission came from George IV this year. The result: The Battle of Trafalgar was audaciously received and was soon moved from St. James's Palace to Greenwich.

1823 Bay of Baiae at the R.A.
Another Cooke exhibition, eleven Turners shown.
Worked on The Battle of Trafalgar
Sketched the coast of France and East coast of England from the channel.
Shows some interest in Peter Paul Rubens' work by sketching the Flemish master's portrait of Susanne Fourment while it was in London: Chapeau de Paille (seen here). Recollections have it that during Turner's visit to the Louvre in 1803, he somewhat disparaged Ruben's work. Perhaps he was seeing Baroque art in a new light; some of Turner's own figure compositions owe something to Rubens.
Visited Fawkes' at Farnley.
Turner's work continues to become more colourful and full of light.
Dealings with print publishes continue (Rivers of England... )

1824 Another Cooke exhibition, sixteen watercolours shown.
Auditor of accounts at the R.A.
Helped found the Anthenaeum Club.
Sketching trips in the South of England.
"Turner's desire to leave his pictures to the nation must have been much confirmed by the events of 1824:--
          "The British National Gallery of Pictures was founded in 1824, during the administration of the Earl of Liverpool, by the purchase of the collection of John Julius Angerstein, Esq., consisting of thirty eight pictures, and comprising nine specimens of the British School." (Thornbury, 1862) Turner was on the committee to decide where to house it.
Visited Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, and northern France.
Last visit to Farnley prior to Water Fawkes' passing the following year.
1825 One oil, Harbour of Dieppe, and one watercolour at the R.A.
Toured Low Countries, and the Rhine.
Picturesque views of England and Wales... This monumental project involving the engraver and print-publisher Charles Heath was to feature one-hundred and twenty engravings of Turner's work.
Due partly to Turner's father's failing health, they left Sandycombe about this time to live at Queen Anne Street.

1826 One oil Painting at the R.A., Cologne
Turner was being attacked for his liberal use of yellow.
No perspective lectures given this year.
Sir George Beaumont donates sixteen pictures to the National collection, including five from the British school.
Poet Samuel Rogers commissioned work by Turner and Stothard for his re-publication of Italy.
Visited Northern France.
Series of twelve mezzotints being worked on for the Little Liber; much of the work done by Turner himself.
Major disagreement with W. B. Cooke over the poor progress of the Southern Coast series; finished by the publisher J. and H. Arch using other engravers.
Ports of England starting to be published.
1827 Five oils at the R.A.
Reduced number of perspective lectures due to father's illness.
Pictures criticized for their yellow atmosphere; Mortlake Terrace disparaged as having "yellow fever." On a matching work done the following year Turner glued a black cutout of a dog to the parapet in order to throw back the distance and create a greater three dimensional illusion. At the time it was agreed that he was willing to use whatever was at hand to help with an effect. "Tom Taylor adduces this dog as proof of Turner's reckless readiness of resource when an effect in art was wanted." (Thornbury, 1862)
Visited with Samuel Rogers at Petworth.
Visited John Nash, East Cowes, Isle of Wight. Nash commissioned two Cowes Regatta pictures to be painted during his stay. Turner also did several drawings, plus oil sketches on roles of canvas. The assembly-line technique Turner used for these oils clearly defines his modus operandi when dealing with bigger ideas. He was observed doing a series of watercolours in progressive stages at one point, and it is quite likely that his early sea-piece series was  as an obsessive exercise done in this same fashion.

1828 Four oils at R.A. Further concerns were subsequently published about his bright and novel colouring, and particularly about the yellow.
Takes his last class at the RA, (they were in any case, not very successful, sometimes his loyal father was the only attendee).
Visited Petworth to do a substantial commission for his grand and charitable patron, Lord Egremont. Decorative panels for his dining-room.
Visited Rome and lodged with Eastlake. Here he did several oils that were exhibited locally to a sneering audience. He also did several small landscape sketches in oil.

1829 Three oils and one water colour at the R.A.
In January Turner leaves Rome and on his journey north had a carriage mishap in Mont Cenis Pass. This he recorded with a drawing.
 Exhibits England and Wales series of watercolours in London. Thomas Griffith Turner's soon-to-be agent and trusted friend bought several of them.
Visited France: Paris, Normandy, Brittany. Did drawings for his River's of Europe.
Visited Petworth.
Father passes away September 21, buried St Paul's, Covent Garden.
The distraught artist  more seriously started to consider his Bequest to those artists less fortunate than him, his immediate family, and the nation. He signed the first draft of his Will.
Moved (at least part-time) to the lodgings of Sophia Booth at Margate.
1830  Six oil Paintings and one watercolour (Funeral of Sir Thomas Lawrence) at the R.A.
Two of his oils this year (Jessica and Pilate washing his hands) seemed styled after Rembrandt.
Maintains substantial involvement with the R.A. (visitor to the Life Academy and auditor of accounts).
William IV acceded to the throne upon the death of George IV
Publication of Roger's Italy with twenty-five vignettes by Turner proved a great success.
Mid summer tour of the Midlands.
Turner resigns from the Artists' General Benevolent Institution after a dispute with other members over use of funds. He had been a founding member in 1814.
1831 Seven oils at the R.A. and two watercolours at the Liverpool Academy.
Has health problems this year but still has the energy to visit Petworth and Scotland (gathers material for Scott's Poems).
Robert Cadell, Scott's publisher travels with Turner and ultimately negotiates an agreement with the artist to illustrate another volume of  Rogers' poems.
Alters will regarding specifics of bequest to the National Gallery (exchanges Decline of Carthage). Minor changes also included the establishment of a fund from which various charities could be serviced.

1832 Six oils at the R.A. including Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Staffa. Judging by the published response to the sea pieces exhibited this year it might be assumed that they were stylistically in keeping with his earliest sea pieces series. This might prove a good example of how Turner exhibited his works out of sequence, and show that he had an ample store-house of "mere beginnings" or nearly complete works to draw on whenever needed.
Twelve watercolours for Scott's Poem's exhibited in Pall Mall with the publishers Moon, Boys, and Graves.
Involved in the debate over space allocation to the R.A. in the National Gallery, Trafalgar Square.
Visited the less than congenial Delacroix in Paris; the French Romantic painter found his guest somewhat untailored. Takes a French tour to gather material for Scott's Life of Napoleon.
Visited Petworth, then spent Christmas at East Cowes Castle with John Martin and John Nash.
Staying more frequently at Margate.

1833 Six oil paintings at the R.A. including his first Venetian subjects. The size of his oils are somewhat smaller. One might assume that Turner was trying by this time to appeal to a broader market by selling smaller works, works that he derogatorily named "scraps." His prices remained strong.
Tenth year as auditor of R.A. accounts.
Turner's Annual Tour: Wandering by the Loire published.
Seventy-eight drawings exhibited by publishers Moon, Boys, and Graves (sixty-six England and Wales drawings). Turner's soon-to-be agent, Thomas Griffith lent twenty-seven of the England and Wales drawings to the exhibition.
Buys art at Dr. Thomas Monro sale including several of his own works. Turner was sensitive about his prices; and thus, he was known to buy his own pictures back to create competition. This helped prop up his prices overall.
Continental tour Berlin, Dresden, Prague, and Vienna. He apparently visited art museums along the way in hopes of bringing back helpful ideas for the National Gallery that was being started this year in London. Visits Venice.
Wanderings by the Seine and Rogers's Poetical Works published.
Elected Visitor to the Life Academy.
1834 Five oils shown at the R.A including The Golden Bough
Roger's Poems published this year, Thirty-three Turner vignettes.
Tours Meuse, Moselle and the Rhine. Spent time with Sophia Booth at Margate
Monro of Novar buys several of Turner's published drawings (Scott's Poetical Works).
Toured the continent gathering material for planned Great Rivers of Europe.
Visited with Chantrey and Leslie at Petworth.
Exhibited some of his earlier paintings at the Society of British Artists.
1835 Five oil paintings exhibited at the R.A.
Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons exhibited at the British Institution. He worked on it considerably after it was hung. The Spectator gave it a rave review.
Continues to be Visitor to the R.A. Life Academy and Painting School
Continues to be auditor for the R.A.
Mostly early works being shown at Turner's Gallery.
Much of his varying print production was being published or republished during this period of his life (Rogers's Poetical Works, Milton's Poetical works, Annual Tours, England and Wales).

1936 Three oil paintings exhibited at the R.A. including Juliet and her nurse
Two oils exhibited at the Royal Institution including Wreckers on the North Shore
Monro of Novar, now an important patron bought two of the paintings at R.A. exhibition and goes on a continental sketching tour with Turner. Tours France, Switzerland and Val d'Aosta
John Ruskin, although still only seventeen campaigned in Turner's defense after a scathing article appeared in Blackwood Magazine.
Elected to the Academy council.
Has a stretch of ill health this winter.
1937 Four oils exhibited at the R.A. including The Parting of Hero and Leander. R.A. at its new location adjoining the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square. Turner was on the hanging committee.
Dutch boats in a gale from 1801 (Bridgewater Sea-piece) exhibited at the British Institution alongside its pendant piece done by the Dutch old master Van de Velde.
French tour and amongst other places he visited Versailles. Visited Petworth.
Thomas Campbell's Poems published; twenty illustrations after Turner.
Death of  patron Lord Egremont.  Resigns as Professor of Perspective, R.A.
1938  Three oil paintings exhibited at the R.A. Monro of Novar bought two Italian scenes.
 British Institution winter exhibition Fishing Boats, with Hucksters bargaining for fish. This appears to be one of those works started thirty-five or so years earlier. The inspiration to mine one of his early sea-pieces from deep storage might have been the previous years well received exhibition of his Dutch boats in a gale of 1801. This series of early sea-pieces is one that a thorough study of the canvases will eventually be able to help date sequentially. There is little doubt that these pictures all came from the same rolls of canvas.
Visited Margate and on the way back to London was inspired by  the Temeraire being towed up the Thames (the evening sun as a backdrop). It was to be broken up.

1939 Five oil paintings exhibited at the R.A.
one reworked painting from 1934 exhibited at the British Institution.
Paints The Fighting Temeraire age 64
Toured Belgium and the Rhine.
Exhibition of many Turner watercolours in Leeds. From Farnley (the Fawkes collection).
Codicils to his will reduce benefits to closest family members

1840 Seven paintings exhibited at the R.A. including Slavers throwing overboard the dead and dieing and Rockets and blue lights, owned by James Orrock subsequently made an international auction sales record
one painting exhibited at the B.I.
He met the critic and artist John Ruskin at Thomas Griffith's house. Ruskin became the great champion of his work and encouraged him to refurbish early works that had been stored in his studio for over forty years.
Griffith was Turner's trusted agent/dealer, he and several other artist's presented him with a gift of plate (silver) this year to show their gratitude for his efforts on their behalf
Visited Venice touring through Germany

1841Six paintings exhibited at the R.A. including Schloss Rosenau seat of H.R.H Prince Albert of Coburg, Germany.
 Two paintings exhibited at the B.I.  
Visits Switzerland for the first of three visits over the next three years
Travels through Germany
Relationship with Ruskin becomes stronger
Death of close friend Sir Francis Chantrey

1842 Three paintings at the R.A. including Burial at sea to commemorate Wilkie's death at sea the previous year, and Snow Storm...
Paints ten watercolours for Thos. Griffith to sell, Griffith takes one as a commission. Ruskin enamoured  with Turner's Swiss watercolours entreats his reluctant father to purchase. The father blamed Griffith for raising Turner's prices from sixty to eighty guineas each. Other buyers were Monro of Noval and Bicknell.
Still active with his print production and sales.
Turner in bad health this winter.

1843  Six paintings at the R.A. including Shade and darkness... and Light and colour... This pair of pictures pictures became part of the Turner Bequest were stolen while on tour in the 1990s but were recovered in 1993. Insurance benefit to the Tate/Clore Gallery in the mean time--£12 million
Griffith sells six more recently drawn Swiss subjects, two to Ruskin and four to Monro of Novar
Modern Painters, first book published this year which caused a boost to Turner's popularity
Toured through Germany and Switzerland

1844 Seven paintings at the R.A. including Rain, Steam, and Speed
Meets Charles Dickens. Visits Switzerland, Heidelberg, and the Rhine
Gillott and Bicknell each buy several paintings
Signs his land at Twickenham over to Trustees in preparation for the establishment of almshouses to shelter aging and ailing artists. To this day this important part of Turner's will has not been satisfied. His greatest dream "Joseph William Mallord Turner's Charity for the Relief of Decayed and Indigent Artists" was never established although there were adequate resources from his estate.
Modern Painters had stimulated further interest in Turner's work and Griffith was being asked about what was available for sale within the dark recesses of the artist's studio. He was likely getting some works professionally refurbished as early as this year.
Callcott, Turner's close friend passes.

1845 Six paintings exhibited at the R.A. including Whalers (four Venetian subjects) 
Exhibited two oil paintings at the Royal Scottish Academy
Health is again poor this year
Due to R.A. President Martin Archer Shee's illness; then resignation, Turner was appointed acting President then deputy president for part of the year. President elect was a position Turner had long hoped for but never realized.
James Lenox bought Staffa (ex R.A. 1832) for £500 on the advice of C.R. Leslie
Visited France and had a friendly visit with Louis-Philippe
Wallhalla was was met with disdain when sent to Germany because of its loose brushwork. It was returned slightly damaged and shipped at Turner's expense
Ten Swiss watercolours painted, all sold
Griffith opens a gallery in Pall Mall

1846 Six oils exhibited at the R.A. (Two Venetian  subjects)
Two paintings exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy. One painting at the British Institution, Queen Mab's Cave
Increased interaction with the Ruskin family. Attends birthday
Turner on varnishing day by S.W.Parrott c. 1846
Rents lodgings and moves with Mrs. Booth and son to Cheyne Walk, Chelsea and lives rest of his life as a recluse under pseudonym of Admiral Booth.
Health continues to be problematic. After twenty two years he no longer acts as auditor for the Academy. This was his last year on council; he presided as Deputy President.

1847 One painting exhibited at the R.A. It was a repainted canvas from almost fifty years earlier, The hero of a hundred fights 
Two paintings exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy including The Temple of Jupiter at Athens from 1816
Turner befriended J.J.E. Mayall the photographer and had his photograph taken (at the time the photographer did not realize the importance of his subject). It was unwittingly erased from the plate by an  assistant.
1848 No works exhibited at the R.A; 1824 was the last time he failed to exhibit at the R.A.
Popularity bolstered by Ruskin's writings; hires the assistant Francis Sherrell to help restore large paintings that were for many years stored haphazardly in his studio. As early as 1844 he told Griffith: "if I could find a young man acquainted with picture cleaning and would help me to clean accidental stains away, would be a happiness to drag them from their dark abode."
 Revises his Will. One codicil made the Turner Bequest null and void if the Nation failed to act in accordance with other aspects of the Will dealing with posthumous exhibition of his work. Presently, his wish of creating a facility for indigent artists from proceeds of the Will has still not been provided for.
 Increasing Infirmity.

1849 Two paintings including The Wreck Buoy (repainted) were exhibited at the R.A.
Revises his Will further.
Exhibition of old master paintings at the British Institution. Two by Turner shown including a work from his early monumental sea piece series, Wreck of a Transport Ship. Much praised.

1850 Last exhibition at the Royal Academy, four pictures shown.

1851 December 19, Turner passes away in Chelsea home. His last words have been reported as: "The Sun is God." Buried in St Paul's Cathedral. Bequeaths 19,000 works to Nation.
 
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